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Item Efficient computation and design of high speed double precision Vedic multiplier architecture(Nature Research, 2026-02-05) Kumar, Aruru Sai; Sahitya G.; Kusuma, Rambabu; Krishna, M. Sankush; Reddy, B. Naresh Kumar; Tripathi, Suman LataEfficient multiplication and addition of floating-point numbers play a crucial role in digital signal processing applications. To achieve high computational performance with minimal resource utilization, an optimized multiplication approach is essential. Vedic mathematics encompasses the utilization of 16 sutras or algorithms. This paper presents a double-precision floating-point multiplier of 53-bit mantissa based on Vedic mathematics. The proposed architecture performs multiplication in three stages: sign generation, exponent generation, and mantissa multiplication. The Urdhva Tiryakbhyam sutra is employed for mantissa computation owing to its high efficiency and reduced hardware complexity compared to conventional techniques. The proposed multiplier design is implemented using Verilog HDL on Vivado 2022.2. Experimental results demonstrate a significant reduction in critical path delay and logic utilization compared to existing floating-point and Vedic-based multipliers, while maintaining a favorable power consumption trend. The CNN implementation employing the proposed Vedic double-precision floating-point multiplier achieves the lowest inference latency and power consumption while maintaining identical classification accuracy compared to conventional IEEE-754 and existing Vedic-based multiplier designs. Hardware realization on a Zynq FPGA device further confirms the superiority of the proposed architecture in terms of power, delay and on-board component utilization.Item An energy-efficient FPGA accelerator for transformer inference using layer-wise precision optimization(Elsevier B.V., 2026-09-06) Eiswar S, Darun; N, Pugalbharani; Bharatula, Sitadevi; Reddy, B. Naresh Kumar.Abstract FPGA transformer accelerators routinely fix their multiply-accumulate (MAC) accumulators at 32 bits, echoing a theoretical 25–27-bit worst case for INT8 BERT-base matrix multiplication that has never been checked against actual per-layer behavior. We provide a transformer-specific layer-level study, profiling 215 linear layers across BERT-base, TinyBERT-4L, DistilBERT-base, ALBERT-base-v2, and ELECTRA-small-discriminator over WikiText-2 samples via PyTorch forward-hook INT8 simulation that tracks the true partial-sum accumulation trajectory (not only the final dot-product value) with a 2-bit margin. Across these 215 profiled layers, the maximum observed accumulator requirement is 20 bits under the specified profiling conditions, and 500 SST-2 samples show zero prediction changes, with δ=2 bits the best-performing margin among those tested. Synthesized on the Zynq™ UltraScale+™ MPSoC ZCU104, a 16-bit MAC cuts flip-flops 39% and LUTs 17% versus a 32-bit baseline while exceeding 400 MHz; a per-layer-instance resource lower bound for a 73-layer BERT-base array projects 34.5% fewer flip-flops and 15.4% fewer LUTs.Item Gain enhancement of cross shaped patch antenna for IEEE 802.11ax Wi-Fi applications(Electromagnetics Academy, 2018-12-07) Rajalakshmi, Pitchai; Gunavathi,. NIn this paper, a dual band high gain miniaturized cross shaped patch antenna is proposed for IEEE 802.11ax applications. The radiating patch size is 0.330λ0x0.417λ0 on a low cost Flame Retardant 4 substrate. A cross shaped radiating element is designed to cover the upper band of IEEE 802.11ax, and a four ring circular Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) is etched on the cross shaped radiating element to cover the lower band of IEEE802.11ax. Thus the dual bands of 802.11ax are achieved. In order to enhance the gain, 2x2 array hexagonal metamaterial unit cell is positioned behind the substrate. To extract the constitutive parameters of the circular CSRR, NRW (Nicolson-Ross-Wier) retrieval method is used. The measured maximum gain is approximately 6 dBi, 10 dBi for 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, respectively. Parametric study on the geometrical dimensions is investigated using HFSS 15.0.Item Workability studies on Al+2.5%TiO2+Gr powder metallurgy composites during cold upsetting(Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, 2014-11-17) Ravichandran, Manickam; Sait, Abdullah Naveen; Anandakrishnan, VeeramaniAl+2.5%TiO2+Gr composites were synthesized through powder metallurgy technique and their workability behavior has been studied under tri-axial stress state condition. The powders were compacted using suitable punch and die in 400 kN hydraulic press and sintered at a temperature of about 590 °C for a period of 3 hours in an electric muffle furnace. The sintered preforms were characterized by XRD and SEM analysis. Then the preforms were subjected to incremental compressive loading of 10 kN until the cracks found at the free surface. The true axial stress (σz), true hoop stress (σe), true hydrostatic stress (σm) true effective stress (σeff), formability stress index (β) and stress ratio parameters [(σz/σeff), (σm/σeff), (σe/σeff)] were calculated for all the preforms and these are correlated with the true axial strain (ez). It is inferred that, the addition of TiO2 and Gr to the Al matrix material increases the stress ratio parameters and formability stress index (β). A hardness test was also conducted for sintered and cold forged preforms and results are reported.Item Optimization of Tribological Parameters of Pre-Positioned Wire Based Electron Beam Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Alloy(Polska Akademia Nauk Materials, 2022) Manjunath, A; Anandakrishnan, V; Ramachandra, S; Prrthiban, K; Sathish, SThe versatile application of titanium alloy in the aerospace industry and it's hard to machine characteristics focus towards the additive manufacturing. The Ti-6Al-4V alloy is manufactured using the electron beam source with a novel method of prepositioned titanium alloy wires. The tribology of the additive manufactured titanium alloy under dry sliding condition is experimented and analysed using Taguchi technique. The targeted objective of minimum tribological responses are attained with the identified optimal parameters as load - 9.81 N, sliding velocity - 3 m/s, sliding distance - 3000 m for minimum specific wear rate and load - 9.81 N, sliding velocity - 3 m/s, sliding distance - 1000 m for minimum coefficient of friction. Among the parameters tested, load is found to be the dominant factor on the tribology of additively manufactured titanium alloy. The morphological analysis on the worn surface and debris revealed the existence of abrasion, delamination and adhesion wear mechanisms. The increase in the load dominantly showed the appearance of delamination mechanism.Item Investigations on the microstructure and properties of yttria and silicon carbide reinforced aluminium composites(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-04-12) Shantharaman, P.P.; Anandakrishnan, V; Sathish, S; Ravichandran, M; Naveenkumar, R; Jayasathyakawin, S; Rajesh, SPowder Metallurgy (PM) was used to synthesize SiC (0, 5, 10, 15 & 20 wt%) and 1 wt% Yttria (Y2O3) reinforced aluminium (Al) metal matrix composites. The Al–SiC–Y2O3 hybrid composites samples were prepared for density (ρ), hardness (VHN), mechanical, tribological, and microstructural studies in accordance with ASTM standards. SEM images revealed an even spreading of SiC particles throughout the Al matrix and composition was verified by the characterization techniques. The addition of SiC and Y2O3 to their respective composites improved the VHN and ‘ρ’. The compressive strength (CS) of Al–SiC–Y2O3 composites increased while increasing the SiC. The higher compression strength (405 MPa) was obtained for the Al − 1 wt% Y2O3-20 wt% SiC- hybrid composites. The thermal conductivity (K) of Al–SiC–Y2O3 samples diminishes, as the hard SiC particles are gradually added. Furthermore, it was observed that accumulative the wt% of SiC in the aluminium metal matrix (AMMC) results in a novel material with a decreased wear rate. The better properties was achieved for the samples contain 20 wt% of SiC content in Al − 1 wt% Y2O3 matrix.Item Investigations on the Wear Behaviour and Mechanism of Mg-3Al/5.6Ti Composite under Dry Sliding(Polska Akademia Nauk, 2025) Sathish, S; Anandakrishnan, V; Gupta, MMagnesium containing 3 weight percentages of aluminium particles and 5.6 weight percentages of titanium particles (reinforcement) was prepared using the disintegrated melt deposition technique to investigate their synergistic effect on the tribological behaviour of Mg-3Al/5.6Ti composite. Metallographic features of the composite samples were analysed using x-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy to disseminate the particle distribution and phase formation. The wear behaviour of the samples was studied using dry sliding wear testing by systematically varying load and sliding velocity over a sliding distance of 2000 m. The post-failure analysis was performed on the worn surface of pins, and the collected debris using scanning electron microscopy and the mechanisms involved in the wear behaviour of composite samples were identified.Item Effect of Scanning Strategy on the Microstructure and Load-Bearing Characteristics of Additive Manufactured Parts(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-07-05) Sajin Jose, S. Silva; Mishra, Santosh Kr.; Upadhyay, Ram KrishnaAdditive manufacturing has witnessed significant growth in recent years, revolutionizing the automotive and aerospace industries amongst others. Despite the use of additive manufacturing for creating complex geometries and reducing material consumption, there is a critical need to enhance the mechanical properties of manufactured parts to broaden their industrial applications. In this work, AISI 316L stainless steel is used to fabricate parts using three different strategies of the additively manufactured Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) technique, i.e., continuous, alternate, and island. This study aims to identify methods to optimize grain orientation and compaction support provided to the material under load, which influence the frictional and wear properties of the manufactured parts. The load-bearing capacity is evaluated by measuring the frictional and wear properties. The wear patch track is also examined to establish the physical mechanisms at the surface interface that lead to the smooth transition in response to the load. Grain orientation is compared across different strategies using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) maps, and the influence of surface roughness on sliding behavior is also evaluated. The results demonstrate that the island scanning strategy yields the best performance for load-bearing applications, exhibiting superior grain orientation and hardness in the additively manufactured parts.Item Precision and Stability in Hydrostatic Transmissions with Robust H∞ Control Under Parametric Uncertainties(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-05-13) Mishra, Santosh Kr.; Wrat, Gyan; Ranjan, Prabhat; Jose, Joseph T.; Das, JayantaHydrostatic transmissions are essential in applications demanding variable torque and speed, such as mining and agricultural machinery, due to their compact design, high power-to-weight ratio, and efficient variable speed control. Despite these advantages, their inherent nonlinearities and susceptibility to parametric uncertainties pose significant challenges for precise motion control. This study presents a comparative analysis of classical PID and robust H-infinity controllers for regulating the speed of hydraulic motors under varying torsional loads. A linearized uncertain system model is developed using upper Linear Fractional Transformations (LFTs) to capture key parametric uncertainties. A simplified H-infinity controller is designed to robustly manage system dynamics, particularly addressing phase lags induced by uncertain loads. Simulation results demonstrate that the H-infinity controller offers superior performance over the PID controller in terms of stability, disturbance rejection, and robustness to load fluctuations. This work contributes a practically viable robust control solution for improving the reliability and precision of electro-hydraulic systems, particularly in demanding, real-world environments.Item Fuzzy PD-Based Control for Excavator Boom Stabilization Using Work Port Pressure Feedback(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-07-04) Jose, Joseph. T.; Wrat, Gyan; Mishra, Santosh Kr.; Ranjan, Prabhat; Das, JayantaHydraulic excavators operate in harsh environments where direct measurement of actuator chamber pressures and boom displacement is often unreliable or infeasible. This study presents a novel control strategy that estimates actuator chamber pressures from work port pressures using differential equations, eliminating the need for direct pressure or position sensors. A fuzzy logic-based proportional–derivative (PD) controller is developed to mitigate boom oscillations, particularly under high-inertia load conditions and variable operator inputs. The controller dynamically adjusts gains through fuzzy logic-based gain scheduling, enhancing adaptability across a wide range of operating conditions. The proposed method addresses the limitations of classical PID controllers, which struggle with the nonlinearities, parameter uncertainties, and instability introduced by counterbalance valves and pressure-compensated proportional valves. Experimental data is used to design fuzzy rules and membership functions, ensuring robust performance. Simulation and full-scale experimental validation demonstrate that the fuzzy PD controller significantly reduces pressure overshoot (by 23% during extension and 32% during retraction) and decreases settling time (by 31.23% and 28%, respectively) compared to conventional systems. Frequency-domain stability analysis confirms exponential stability and improved damping characteristics. The proposed control scheme enhances system reliability and safety, making it ideal for excavators operating in remote or rugged terrains where conventional sensor-based systems may fail. This approach is generalizable and does not require modifications to the existing hydraulic circuit, offering a practical and scalable solution for modern hydraulic machinery.Item Deep learning for object recognition and defect analysis in additive manufacturing(Discover, 2025-10-15) Thakur, Chandrbhan; Mishra, Santosh Kr.; Jose, S. Silva Sajin.; Singh, Purushottam Kumar; Upadhyay, Ram KrishnaAdditive manufacturing (AM) offers design flexibility and shorter lead times in manufacturing newer products. The layer by layer manufacturing approach often introduces defects that can deteroriate part performance, which require reliable inspection to detect quality. Manual inspection often followed in industries are slow and error prone, which thrusts for the need to automate inspection. This work proposes a modular deep learning framework for objection detection and defect analysis components manufactured by fused deposition modelling. A real-world dataset of 950 images from additively manufactured elevator maintainance components, is taken to test the model and evaluate performance.YOLOv12 and Faster R-CNN are used for object detection, CNN for binary defect classification and MobileNet to classify both defect severity(Levels 0–3) and defect type. The model successfully predicted, whether an object was defective, determined its defect severity level, and correctly labeled the defect type with greater accuracy. YOLOv12 yielded slightly better results in comparison to Faster R-CNN for object detection with a precision of around 93.6% and recall of 95.6%. The model accurately identified whether an object was defective, determined its defect severity level, and correctly labeled the defect type with high precision.Item Prediction of irregularities and study of mechanical properties in laser shock peened nickel alloy(Discover, 2025-02-12) Jose, S. Silva Sajin; Mishra, Santosh Kr.; Upadhyay, Ram Krishna; Muthukannan, DuraiselvamNimonic 263, a high-performance Ni-based super alloy is known for its excellent resistance to creep, corrosion, and oxidation, in addition to surface stability at higher temperatures. The present study investigates the impact of Laser Shock Peening (LSP) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Nimonic 263. Although LSP is a promising technique for extending the fatigue life of turbine components and other high-temperature applications, the choice of crucial parameters is important in order to avoid the negative implications including surface irregularities and reduced stress benefits. The research aims to analyze how different laser parameters, such as laser beam diameter and energy, affect surface compressive residual stresses, microhardness, surface roughness, and microstructure. Defect detection is also performed on the collected scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images using machine learning (ML) models. With an increase in energy density, there is an improvement in the microhardness and surface roughness. XGBoost is found to be the best-performing algorithm for defect prediction in the SEM images, among the ML models with an accuracy value of 0.95.Item Surface alloying of FeCoCrNiMn particles on Inconel-718 using plasma-transferred arc technique: microstructure and wear characteristics(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021-07-17) Jeyaprakash, N; Yang, Che-Hua; Prabu, G; Balamurugan, K. Ganesa.Inconel-718 (IN-718) is a commonly used nickel-based superalloy in various fields, such as gas turbine and power generation applications. However, the lower wear and oxidation resistance hinder their wide usage. In this work, FeCoCrNiMn particles were mechanically ball-milled and preplaced on the IN-718 substrate. Then, the preplaced FeCoCrNiMn particles were scanned by heat source using plasma-transferred arc (PTA) technique. The effect of PTA alloying on the phase changes, microstructure, nanohardness and wear resistance has been investigated. The result showed that the PTA region contained different phases, such as FCC, BCC and intermetallic. No cracks were observed in the PTA alloyed region. Moreover, the porous free structure was viewed in the alloyed region, which revealed that the PTA alloying process was effectively used to perform the alloying process. More hard phases, such as NiFe, CoMn, Cr9Mn25Ni21, MnNi, FeCo, FeMn and MnCo, were formed on the PTA-alloyed region. The obtained wear rate of the substrate specimen at 30 N applied load is 2.45 × 10−3mm3m−1and 1.79 × 10−3mm3m−1for the PTA specimen. Similarly, the wear rate of the substrate specimen at 50 N is 5.38 × 10−3mm3m−1and for the PTA sample, it is 2.29 × 10−3mm3m−1. The PTA specimen showed lower CoF than the substrate specimen due to increased surface hardness and minimum deformation of asperities. The primary wear type was mildly abrasive, accompanied by slight oxidative wear. Oxygen reacted with the surface alloying elements and formed different oxides, such as CoO, Cr2O3, MnO2, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, FeO and Fe2O3. These dense oxidation films covered the working surface and enhanced the wear resistance. The worn-out PTA surface showed that the wear scar depths were shallow and lower than the substrate, and reduced the roughness.Item Extraction and characterization of vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) and kenaf fiber (Hibiscus cannabinus) as reinforcement materials for epoxy based composite structures(Elsevier Editora Ltda, 2019-12-09) Khan, Anish; Vijay, R; Lenin, Sinaravelu D.; Arpitha, G. R.; Sanjay, M. R.; Siengchin, Mohammad; Alamry, Khalid; Asiri, Abdullah M.The study deals with the mechanical characterization of vetiver grass fiber and kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy-based hybrid composites. Five types of composite laminates were developed through the hand lay-up process by varying the percentage of vetiver grass and kenaf fibers. The tensile, flexural, compression and impact tests were conducted as per ASTM. The fractured surfaces of the tested specimens were studied using a scanning electron microscope. From the results, it was shown that properties of epoxy composites were improved by hybridization with vetiver grass and kenaf fibers. The improved mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composites were noticed in increment of percentage composition of kenaf fibersItem Development and characterization of stainless steel fiber-based copper-free brake liner formulation: A positive solution for steel fiber replacement(Tsinghua University Press, 2019-05-10) Vijay, R; Singaravelu, D. Lenin.; Jayaganthan, RThis study deals with the development of drum brake liner for a multi-utility vehicle possessing a hydraulic brake system by varying 7 weight % of steel fiber and stainless steel fiber each, in friction composite formulations. The developed friction composites were tested for physical, chemical, corrosion, mechanical, thermal properties, and tribological characteristics, under near-actual conditions using an inertia dynamometer as per industrial standards. Finite element analysis software (ANSYS) analysis was performed to show the thermal stress distribution of the developed friction composites at the maximum temperature rise due to heat generated during brake stops, and an extensive evaluation method was used to rank the composites. The study concludes that the brake factor of the stainless steel fiber-based friction composite produces stable performance in all conditions with a lower liner temperature rise of 340 °C and lower thermal stress at 4.255294 MPa. However, the steel fiber-based composites produced high performance at the beginning but deteriorated after a certain period due to higher levels of corrosion and a high temperature rise of 361 °C resulting in a negative fade (−0.84%) and more thermal stress (5.619102 MPa). The primary plateau, secondary plateau, back transfer of drum wear debris, and the distribution of constituents on the worn surface of the developed composites in a resin matrix were identified and studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. © 2019, The Author(s).Item Characterization of chemical treated and untreated natural fibers from Pennisetum orientale grass- A potential reinforcement for lightweight polymeric applications(KeAi Publishing Communications Ltd., 2020-07-15) Vijay, R; Vinod, A; Lenin ,Singaravelu. D.; Sanjay, M.R; Siengchin, SuchartThe current work deals with the study extraction and characterization of fibers from Pennisetum orientale grass. The fibers were extracted, treated chemically with hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide (alkali) solutions. The chemically modified and unmodified fibers were analyzed for its thermal, chemical, crystalline, physical, morphological and tensile characteristics. The test results showed that chemical treatment using alkali helped to increase the cellulose content by 65.1% with a reduction in amorphous contents and moisture. But the hydrochloric acid treatment reduced the cellulose contents due to its more acidic attack whose values were lower than the untreated one. The crystalline size of alkali treatment based fibers had 42.92 nm, which is lower than untreated one 62.02 nm. Thus the Pennisetum orientale grass can be suggested as a potential reinforcement for light-weight polymeric applications.Item Sintered eutectoid P/M steel behaviour during cold upsetting(ABM, ABC, ABPol, 2008-01-03) Kannan, A. Rajesh; Pandey, K.S.; Shanmugam, S; Narayanasamy, RCold upsetting experiments were carried out on sintered Fe-0.8%C steel preforms in order to evaluate the technical relationship that exist between the applied stresses against continuous deformation and densification. Powder preforms of 86% theoretical density and 0.40 of initial aspect ratio were subjected to incremental compressive loading of 0.04 MN under three different friction conditions such as dry, graphite and zinc stearate employed during deformation until fracture appears at free surfaces. Experimental results revealed that the response of applied stresses with induced strain and attained densification exhibits a continuous enhancement but with three different stages. Irrespective of friction conditions the first and third stage shows steep rise. which offers high resistance to deformation, whereas the second stage shows virtually steady state; deformation needed gradual increase in applied stresses but with high rate of densification. Further. preform deformed under without lubricant exhibited maximum strain hardening as well as an enhanced rate of strain hardening through out the deformation in comparison with lubricants employed conditions.Item Effect of temperature and strain rate on compressive response of extruded magnesium nano-composite(National Engg. Reaserch Center for Magnesium Alloys, 2015-10-01) Selvam, B; Marimuthu, P; Narayanasamy, R; Senthilkumar, V; Tun, K.S.; Gupta, MThe hot deformation behaviour of extruded magnesium-zinc oxide nano composite has been studied using hot compression test. The test was conducted in the temperature range of 250-400 °C and in the strain rate range of 0.01 to 1.5 s-1.The processing map was obtained using the power dissipation efficiency with the functions of temperature and strain rate. The workability and instability domains were observed in the processing map for a nano composite. The optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were used to confirm the formation of dynamic recrystallization (DRX), dynamic recovery (DRY) and instability regions. The workability region of the composite was identified at a working temperature of 400 °C and the strain rate of 0.01 s-1 from the processing map. The instability regions were observed at higher strain rates (>0.1 s-1) and temperatures (250-400 °C).Item Experimental and numerical analyses of magnesium alloy hot workability(National Engg. Reaserch Center for Magnesium Alloys, 2016-10-25) Abbassi, F; Srinivasan, M; Loganathan, C; Gupta, MDue to their hexagonal crystal structure, magnesium alloys have relatively low workability at room temperature. In this study, the hot workability behavior of cast-extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy is studied through hot compression testing, numerical modeling and microstructural analyses. Hot deformation tests are performed at temperatures of 250 °C to 400 °C under strain rates of 0.01 to 1.0 s−1. Transmission electron microscopy is used to reveal the presence of dynamic recrystallization (DRX), dynamic recovery (DRY), cracks and shear bands. To predict plastic instabilities during hot compression tests of AZ31B magnesium alloy, the authors use Johnson–Cook damage model in a 3D finite element simulation. The optimal hot workability of magnesium alloy is found at a temperature (T) of 400 °C and strain rate (ε˙) of 0.01 s−1. Stability is found at a lower strain rate, and instability is found at a higher strain rate.Item Investigation on dry sliding wear behavior of Mg/BN nanocomposites(National Engg. Reaserch Center for Magnesium Alloys, 2018-05-30) Kaviti, R. Vara Prasad.; Jeyasimman, D; Parande, Gururaj; Gupta, Manoj; Narayanasamy, RThe present research objective is to investigate the effect of boron nitride nanoparticles reinforcement on dry sliding wear behavior of pure Magnesium and magnesium nanocomposites. The fabricated nanocomposites contains varied percentages of boron nitride such as 0% (pure Mg), 0.5%, 1.5% and 2.5% were synthesized by using powder metallurgy technique and followed by a hot working process called hot extrusion. The pin on disk equipment was used for conducting the wear tests for traditional loads of 5 N, 7 N and 10 N at different sliding speeds of 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 m/s against the steel disk at room temperature. For all traditional loads and sliding speeds, the changes in wear rate and friction co-efficient (µ) with respect to sliding distances were observed and analyzed. The wear characteristics are observed with the help of scanning electron microscopy under given test conditions. To investigate dominant wear mechanisms for various test conditions, the morphologies of all worn composites surfaces were analyzed. Final results show that, for all nanocomposites the wear level raises with respect to the sliding speeds and loads. Magnesium reinforced with 0.5% boron nitride shows lower wear rates and low friction coefficient values compare with magnesium reinforced with 1.5% boron nitride and 2.5% boron nitride nanocomposites
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