Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

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A compact non-bianisotropic complementary split ring resonator inspired microstrip triple band antenna
(Electromagnetics Academy, 2018-02-13) Pandeeswari, Ramasamy
A Compact Non-Bianisotropic Complementary Split Ring Resonator (NB-CSRR) based microstrip triple band antenna is presented in this paper. The antenna has a simple structure compared to other antennas for triple band operation. The antenna consists of a microstrip-fed NBCSRR loaded radiating element and partial ground plane. The designed antenna has a compact size of 29.4 mm × 26 mm × 1.6 mm. Two NBCSRR slots are etched on the radiating patch. Bottom NB-CSRR is used to generate new resonance, and top NB-CSRR is used to improve the return loss. The measured data show that the antenna covers the frequency ranges of 2.5 GHz–3.61 GHz, 4.06 GHz– 4.69 GHz, 4.80 GHz–6.07 GHz with impedance bandwidth of (< −10 dB) of 1.11 GHz, 0.63 GHz and 1.27 GHz. The results show that the antenna can cover WLAN and C band applications.
A new green prospective of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for 5G
(MDPI AG, 2020-02-07) Basnayake, Vishaka; Jayakody, Dushantha Nalin K.; Sharma, Vishal; Sharma, Nikhil; Muthuchidambaranathan, P; Mabed, Hakim
Energy efficiency is a major concern in the emerging mobile cellular wireless networks since massive connectivity is to be expected with high energy requirements from the network operators. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) being the frontier multiple access scheme for 5G, there exists numerous research attempts on enhancing the energy efficiency of NOMA enabled wireless networks while maintaining its outstanding performance metrics such as high throughput, data rates and capacity maximized optimally. The concept of green NOMA is introduced in a generalized manner to identify the energy efficient NOMA schemes. These schemes will result in an optimal scenario in which the energy generated for communication is managed sustainably. Hence, the effect on the environment, economy, living beings, etc is minimized. The recent research developments are classified for a better understanding of areas which are lacking attention and needs further improvement. Also, the performance comparison of energy efficient, NOMA schemes against conventional NOMA is presented. Finally, challenges and emerging research trends, for energy efficient NOMA are discussed.
A Novel CSRR Loaded Compact ACS Fed Monopole Antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications
(Electromagnetics Academy, 2022-09-09) Reddy, Mekala Ananda; Jency, Albert Ruth; Shabdita, Sharma; Pandeeswari, Ramasamy
The design of a Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) embedded compact Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed monopole antenna is presented in this paper. By incorporating the ACS feed, a substantial reduction of 27% in antenna dimensions is achieved. Further miniaturization of 68.6% is obtained by embedding CSRR on the designed patch and a trapezoidal ground. The overall size of the antenna is 13.2 × 27 × 1.6 mm3, and it is printed on an FR4-epoxy substrate. The antenna operates with a resonant frequency of 3.6 GHz and a bandwidth of 3.3 GHz (3.2-6.5 GHz). Thus it is appropriate for sub-6 GHz 5G applications. It exhibits a return loss of -28 dB and a gain of 2.8 dBi at the resonant frequency. The antenna is fabricated, and the measured results match well with the simulated ones. Being a simple, cheap, and uniplanar structure, the proposed antenna can meet the requirements of a modern wireless communication system.
A triangular-shaped quarter-mode substrate integrated waveguide based antenna for WBAN applications
(Defense Scientific Information and Documentation Centre, 2018-03-13) Chaturvedi, Divya; Raghavan, S
In this study, a compact quarter-mode substrate integrated waveguide (QMSIW) based dual-band antenna is proposed for wireless body area network applications. A QMSIW resonator is realised by splitting the full-mode substrate integrated waveguide cavity along the perfect magnetic conductor walls. The proposed antenna preserves the fundamental mode TE1I5 and the third order mode TE.Q of the square SIW cavity. The proposed antenna is linearly polarised in the lower band at 2.45 GHz and circularly polarised in the higher frequency band at 5.8 GHz. The on-body performance of the antenna is validated on a piece of pork muscle tissue and it has been found to be stable with respect to surroundings. The proposed antenna covers the ISM bands 44 MHz (2.445 GHz-2.489 GHz) and 225 MHz (5.730 GHz-5~955 GHz) at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively. The measured gain of the antenna on pork tissue is 1.87 dBi and 5.5 dBi at two bands. In addition, the specific absorption rate is obtained of 0.65 m\V g and 1.51 mW/g at two bands (it∗ = 2 mm), averaged over 1 g of muscle with lOOmW input power. Moreover, the simulated and experimental results demonstrate a good agreement. © 2018, DESIDOC.
An intelligent age of information based self-energized UAV-assisted wireless communication system
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2023-10-14) Jeganathan, Anandpushparaj; Dhayabaran, Balaji; Jayakody, Dushantha Nalin K; Don, Sanjaya Arunapriya Ranchagodage; Muthuchidambaranathan, P
Internet-of-things is an enabling technology in the fourth-generation industrial revolution. The freshness of the data sent by a sensor node (SN) is an important parameter in the Internet-of-things, unlike the throughput in cellular communications. A relatively new performance metric named age of information (AoI) is used in this paper to quantify the freshness of the data. The SN, located in the transport infrastructure, harvests energy from radio frequency signals transmitted by the FD-UAV. This is used to transmit real-time sensor observations to the data sink via FD-UAV. The SN generates an update after replenishing the battery and transmits it by using the harvested energy. A closed-form expression for average AoI is derived as a function of time allocated for energy harvesting. The optimal time allocation for energy harvesting that maximizes the freshness of data update is identified. A deep learning technique namely long-short term memory is used to predict the average AoI. Simulation results demonstrate the usefulness of the performance bounds in terms of the freshness of data updates.
Analyzing Fully Depleted SOI NC-MOSFET for Enhanced Bio-Sensor and Digital Circuit Applications
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2025-03-18) Kumar, Vydha Pradeep; Panda, Deepak Kumar; Kumar, Aruru Sai; Reddy, B. Naresh Kumar.; Reddy, Ch. Rama Prakasha
The proposed research paper focuses on the study of fully depleted silicon (Si)-on-insulator negative capacitance metal oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (FDSOI-NC-MOSFET) performance for biosensor and digital circuit applications. The study mainly aims to use ferroelectric (FE) material to improve the performance and efficiency of FDSOI-NC-MOSFETs compared to conventional planar MOSFETs. Using TCAD software, the proposed device is simulated and analyzed under various parameter conditions (parameters like temperature, channel thickness, input supply voltages, and channel doping levels). Later, the proposed device is also designed for different biomolecular structures to analyze the selectivity and sensitivity behavior of the device. Sensitivity is the change in electrical characteristics in response to applied external stimuli or parameters like current and voltages. Variations in these parameters will affect the operating region of the device, thereby, the choice of parameters in achieving the best performance will depend on the operating conditions and device applications. NC-MOSFET with FE materials can obtain an acceptable on/off current ratio by lowering the off current and can achieve an adequate subthreshold swing (SS), thus, observed that the NC-MOSFET device has enhanced performance and transfer characteristics in comparison to planar MOSFET. For K = 4, at an input voltage of 0.25 V, the Ion/Ioff ratio was 6.21 × 105 and the sensitivity was 6.20 × 107 and at 0.5 V, these values rise to 8.07 × 105 and 8.073 × 107, respectively. Similarly for K = 6 and at an input voltage of 0.25 V, we observed an Ion/Ioff ratio is 1.5 × 107 and a sensitivity of 1.52 × 109. When the input voltage was increased to 0.5 V, the Ion/Ioff ratio improved to 2.07 × 107 and the sensitivity increased to 2.073 × 109. From these analyses, it is apparent that as the K-values increase at a given input voltage, both the Ion/Ioff ratio and the sensitivity also increase significantly. Finally, in this paper, we also demonstrated the implementation and simulation of digital logic gates using the proposed NC-MOSFET device, supporting circuit-level design applications. Copyright
ANN model of RF MEMS lateral SPDT switches for millimeter wave applications
(PubMed ID, 2012-07-16) Suganthi, S; Murugesan, K; Ragavan, S
his paper presents Artificial Neural Network (ANN) implementation for the Radio Frequency (RF) and Mechanical modeling of lateral RF Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) series micro machined Single pole double through (SPDT) switch. We propose an efficient approach based on ANN for analyzing the losses in ON and OFF state of lateral RF MEMS series switch by calculating the S-parameters. The double beam structure has been analyzed in terms of its return, isolation and insertion losses with the variation of its passive circuit component values. The effect of design parameters has been analyzed and the lateral switch was realized with low insertion loss, high return and isolation losses. ANN model were trained with five different training algorithms namely Levenberg-Marquart (LM), Bayesian Regularization (BR), Quasi - Newton (QN), Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG) and Conjugate Gradient of Fletcher - Powell (CGF) to obtain better performance and fast convergence. The results from the neural model trained by Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation algorithm are highly agreed with the theoretical results available in the literature. The neural networks shows the better results with the highest correlation coefficient which measures the strength and direction of linear relation between two variables (actual and predicted values) (0.9998) along with lowest root mean square error (MSE) of (0.0039).
Asymmetric Coplanar Strip-Fed Electrically Small Metamaterial Inspired Antenna for Quadband Operation
(Electromagnetics Academy, 2022-10-25) Pillai, Prathibha N; Pandeeswari, Ramasamy
This article presents a novel electrically small asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS) fed metamaterial inspired antenna for quad band operation. A metamaterial inspired open split ring resonator (OSRR) is the radiator which is fed using ACS to obtain four operating bands. The proposed antenna with a compact size of 18 mm × 15.5 mm × 1.6 mm is fabricated and tested. The experimental results are in good compliance with simulated ones. The proposed electrically small antenna has a radian sphere (ka) of 0.65 and achieves an average gain of 2.24 dBi with requisite radiation properties suitable for WiMAX and WLAN applications.
Automated Binary and Multiclass Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Haralick and Multiresolution Features
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020-03-10) Gayathri, S; Krishna, Adithya K.; Gopi, Varun P.; Palanisamy, P
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is considered as the complication of Diabetes Mellitus that damages the blood vessels in the retina. This is characterized as a serious vision-threatening problem in most of the diabetic subjects. Effective automatic classification of diabetic retinopathy is a challenging task in the medical field. The feature extraction plays an eminent role in the effective classification of disease. The proposed work focuses on the extraction of Haralick and Anisotropic Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (ADTCWT) features that can perform reliable DR classification from retinal fundus images. The Haralick features are based on second-order statistics and ADTCWT reliably extracts the directional features in images. The proposed work concentrates on both binary classification as well as multiclass classification of DR. The system is evaluated across various classifiers such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, Random Tree, J48 classifiers by giving input image features extracted from the MESSIDOR, KAGGLE and DIARETDB0 databases. The performances of the classifiers are analyzed by comparing specificity, precision, recall, False Positive Rate (FPR) and accuracy values for each classifier. The evaluation results show that by applying the proposed feature extraction method, Random Forest outperforms all the other classifiers with an average accuracy of 99.7% and 99.82% for binary and multiclass classification respectively.
Automated weld defect detection using gated attention and squeeze and excitation fusion U-Net
(Nature Research, 2025-11-18) Popuri, Jaya Ratnam; Nitish, N. Hari; Kumar, Dheeraj Dhruva; P. Gopi, Varun; Palanisamy, P
Welding is a fundamental process in manufacturing and construction, playing a pivotal role in joining materials by melting and fusing them. This versatile technique finds widespread application across diverse industries, creating robust and structurally sound components. Regular inspection and continual oversight of the welding process are imperative. Manual inspection methods, however, prove inadequate in addressing the ever-growing demand for safety and precision. In recent years, integrating deep learning and computer vision technologies has revolutionized the welding field by enhancing and automating inspection and safety protocols. This paper proposes DeepFuse WeldNet, an automated Weld detection Framework that employs a novel Gated Attention Squeeze and Excitation Fusion U-net (GASEUNet) for weld defect segmentation. Our research focuses on enhancing the accuracy of the model for more precise identification and measurement of weld porosity within images. The model provides a significant boost in segmentation accuracy that is better than existing methods. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of GASEUNet, with an impressive Jaccard Coefficient (JC) of 98.12. The proposed DeepFuse WeldNet also consists of a fully automated Weld Inspection Framework that classifies the weld defects as safe or unsafe by comparing the measurements to the standards provided by the American Welding Society (AWS)
Classification and Indirect Weighing of Sweet Lime Fruit through Machine Learning and Meta-heuristic Approach
(Bellwether Publishing, Ltd., 2021-05-03) Phate, Vikas R.; Malmathanraj, R; Palanisamy, P
In the past few decades, both academicians and industries have shown interest toward the agricultural post-harvest operation aiming to reduce the post-harvest losses. In order to assist farmers in post-harvest decision-making some effective and innovative methodological frameworks are required. The fruit weight measurement is of prime importance in many food processing industries during sorting, grading, and packaging. In this work, different Support vector machine (SVM) classifiers as well as weighing models developed using the optimized adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) coupled with a computer vision system are proposed. More precisely, the weighing models based on the hybrid ANFIS approach using two well-known optimization algorithms are analyzed. In the first approach, a series of GA-ANFIS models have been evaluated for different population size. In the later approach, different PSO-ANFIS models have been evaluated by varying the most influential parameters. The comprehensive self-built color image database has been used for both calibration and validation of the models. From an economic point of view, this indirect way of weighing fruits may be useful to fruit growers and traders in deciding the market depending on the fruit size and weight before packaging. The result shows the higher reliability and prediction capability of the proposed meta-heuristics (GA-ANFIS) model in estimating the weight of sweet lime fruit.
CNN driven nutrient deficiency detection in plants using real-world leaf images
(Learning Gate, 2024-09-11) Sathyan, Anish; Palanisamy, P
In agriculture, our farmers currently lack efficient methods to classify and identify plant nutrient deficiencies or diseases, leading to ineffective remedial measures. However, the potential for early detection of plant nutrient deficiencies using colour gradients or leaf patterns, coupled with the advancements in Image Processing, Deep Learning (DL), and Artificial Intelligence (AI), offers a promising future. This paper presents deep learning-based methods to segregate nutrient deficiencies using leaf images, a potential game-changer for the industry. Our research has the potential to revolutionize plant nutrition management, inspiring a new wave of efficient and effective practices in agriculture. We analyzed the International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) dataset and applied an image augmentation mechanism to enhance the training process with the available dataset. By utilizing Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and learning algorithms, we minimised loss and improved accuracy. The model, incorporating over 1.5 million parameters, has shown promising results in predicting deficiencies accurately. We propose an SGD-based training mechanism to balance localization and classification tasks, a step towards a more efficient and effective approach to plant nutrition management.
Compact complementary folded triangle split ring resonator triband mobile handset planar antenna for voice and wi-fi applications
(Electromagnetics Academy, 2019-04-11) Rajalakshmi, P; Gunavathi, N
In this work, a Complementary Folded Triangle Split Ring Resonator (CFTSRR) loaded triband mobile handset planar antenna is presented. The proposed antenna consists of a dumbbellshaped radiating element and two CFTSRR metamaterial unit cells. The dumbbell-shaped radiating element resonates at 5GHz. The presence of CFTSRRs additionally offers two lower band resonance. The CFTSRR-1 and CFTSRR-2 exhibit negative permittivity at 1.8GHz and 2.4 GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna is designed to resonate at 1.8GHz (GSM1800 MHz), 2.4 GHz, and 5 GHz (IEEE802.11ax) for voice and Wi-Fi applications of the mobile handset, respectively. The proposed antenna demonstrates compactness up to 88.6% at 1.8GHz. The parametric studies are investigated to optimize the antenna in desired frequency bands by using Ansys HFSS19 software. The simulated and measured results are discussed. The measured result shows -10 dB reflection coefficient with bandwidth about 250 MHz (1.6GHz-1.85 GHz), 50MHz (2.375 GHz-2.425 GHz), and 225 MHz (4.925 GHz-5.15 GHz) which are 14.5%, 2%, and 5% respectively around their center frequencies. The measured maximum gain is approximately 1.7 dBi, 8 dBi, and 11.5 dBi for 1.8 GHz, 2.4GHz, and 5GHz, respectively.
Compact Dual-Band SIW Band Pass Filter Using CSRR and DGS Structure Resonators
(Electromagnetics Academy, 2021-12-07) Soundarya, G; Gunavathi, N
In this paper, a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) band pass filter loaded with a square Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) etched with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is proposed. SIW is a promising candidate for the design and development of various microwave and millimeter wave components useful in communication systems. Due to the evanescent mode propagation and TE10 mode of the cavity, dual band (5.57/7.84 GHz) filtering is achieved with a 3-dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 6.8% and 4.1% respectively. The dual bands achieve a low insertion loss of 1.8 dB and 2 dB respectively. Cursor head DGS improves the out of band rejection to a greater level. The configuration is investigated with its corresponding circuit and simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. The prototype is fabricated using a Rogers substrate with εr of 3.5 and tested. This prototype finds its application in C band satellite communication systems. The measured results are consistent with the simulated ones.
Compact dual-band substrate integrated waveguide crossover with high isolation
(Electromagnetics Academy, 2019-03-22) Karthikeyan, Sholampettai Subramanian
—A compact dual-band substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) crossover with high isolation is proposed. Two identical slots are etched on the ground plane to achieve dual-band response and compact size. The passbands are generated below the cutoff frequency of the SIW due to the electric dipole behaviour of the slots. In-line ports are also employed to obtain good transmission and high isolation. To validate the concept, a dual-band crossover operating at 2.4 GHz and 5.4 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured. The crossover size including in-line ports is 43.2 × 43.2mm2,equivalentto 0.43λg × 0.43λg,hereλg is the guided wavelength at the first operating frequency. The tested insertion loss and isolation at the two operating frequencies are smaller than 0.27 dB and greater than 40 dB, respectively.
Compact modified hexagonal spiral resonator-based tri-band patch antenna with octagonal slot for Wi-Fi/wlan applications
(Electromagnetics Academy, 2020-10-12) Rajalakshmi, Pitchai; Gunavathi, N
In this paper, a compact modified hexagonal spiral resonator-based tri-band patch antenna with an octagonal slot is presented for Wi-Fi/WLAN applications. The proposed antenna is designed on a low-cost FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of εr=4.4 and loss tangent δ=0.02. The tri-band operations have been achieved by the a Modified Hexagonal Complementary Spiral Resonator (MHCSR) and an Octagonal slot. The loading of the MHCSR at the bottom of the substrate is to cover the 900MHz (IEEE 802.11ah) band, and an Octagonal slot on top of the 5 GHz (IEEE 802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax) rectangle patch is to cover the 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b/g/n/ax)band. The prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated and tested to validate the simulation results. The measured impedance bandwidth is 105 MHz at 900 MHz, 160 MHz at 2.4 GHz, 18 0MHz at 5 GHz. The designed antenna has a compact size with overall dimensions of 0.054λ0 x 0.066 λ0 x 0.0048 λ0 (18 x 22 x 1.6 mm3). The 82.2% reduction in size has been accomplished as compared to a conventional patch antenna at 900MHz (lower resonance frequency). The waveguide setup method has been used to validate a negative permittivity property of the MHCSR. The parametric analysis of the proposed antenna had been carried out using the Ansoft HFSS19 software
Compact QMSIW based antennas for WLAN/WBAN applications
(Electromagnetics Academy, 2018-03-28) Chaturvedi, Divya; Raghavan, Singaravelu
In this paper, two compact planar substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed antennas are proposed for wireless local area network (WLAN) at 5.5GHz and wireless body area network (WBAN) at 5.8GHz. The miniaturization is achieved with the concept of quarter-modetopology, and the size of the cavity is reduced up to one-fourth of the circular SIW cavity. A L-shaped slot is etched on the top plane for miniaturization, and antenna-1 is realized which resonates at 5.5GHz. A metal strip has been added in the middle section of the slot, and antenna-2 is realized, which resonates at 5.8GHz. Both proposed antennas are tested in free space, while the performance of antenna-2 is investigated for on-body condition. In free space, the measured impedance bandwidths of the antenna are 160 MHz and 210MHz at 5.5 GHz and 5.8GHz, respectively. The radiation efficiency of the antenna is 89.4% in free space and 57% on phantom at 5.8GHz. Both measured and simulated results are observed, and they are in a good agreement.
Compactwideband Siw Based Bandpass Filter For X, Ku And K Band Applications
(Czech Technical University, 2021-03-23) Duraisamy, Tharani; Kamakshy, Selvajyothi; Karthikeyan, Sholampettai Subramanian; Barik, Rusan Kumar; Cheng, Qingsha S.
This paper presents a miniaturized bandpass filter (BPF) with characteristics of wider passband and stopband rejection using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. Slot loading mechanisms deployed on the upper layer of SIW and defective ground structure (DGS) on the ground plane are utilized to achieve wider passband and stopband respectively. The slots on the top layer along with DGS significantly enhances the selectivity of the filter by generating three transmission zeros (TZs) on the upper side of the passband. The proposed filter is simulated using fullwave simulators and the performance is validated through fabrication and testing of the prototype. The proposed SIW filter exhibits a low insertion loss of 1.52 dB over a wider passband from 9.17 GHz to 20.31 GHz with a 3 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 76%. Further, a wider upper stopband is achieved with the rejection of more than 16 dB in the frequency range of 23 GHz to 40 GHz. The filter provides a flat group delay response of approximately 0.19 ns over the wider passband. The electrical size of the fabricated prototype is 1.05λg* 0.67λg, where λgdenotes the guided wavelength in the dielectric substrate for the designed center frequency of 16 GHz.
Complementary Folded Line Metamaterial Loaded MIMO Antenna for S-Band Applications
(Electromagnetics Academy, 2024-11-29) Mood, Yugender; Pandeeswari, Ramasamy
This paper introduces a MIMO antenna featuring a complementary folded-line metamaterial (CFL-MTM) design, It wants to reduce mutual interaction among very close microstrip patch antenna components. The antenna elements have an edge-to-edge spacing of roughly 0.0933λ0 (7 mm). By integrating CFL-MTM elements into the antenna structure, the antenna achieves negative permittivity and permeability characteristics, resulting in a compact size of 37 × 44 × 1.6 mm3. The antenna is suitable for S band applications, covering a bandwidth of approximately 3.121–4.277 GHz (1156 MHz). The incorporation of CFL-MTM results in a negative refractive index area, which effectively controls and reduces mutual coupling between the antenna parts. The antenna’s dimension is optimized by keeping the CFL-MTM smaller than the resonant wavelength. Furthermore, the characteristics of the suggested MIMO antenna, such as ECC, CCL, and TARC, are assessed to show that it is suitable for S-band applications.
Complimentary split ring resonator inspired meandered CPW-fed monopole antenna for multiband operation
(Electromagnetics Academy, 2017-12-01) Pandeeswari, Ramasamy
A novel design of Meandered Coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed CSRR loaded multiband antenna is presented in this paper. A compact triple-band antenna is designed by etching CSRR slots on the radiating element. The proposed antenna shows good performance at all resonant frequencies. The simulation results are discussed and compared with the measured ones. The effects of CSRR loading on the radiating element are explained. Parametric studies are carried out and explained in detail. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured, and the results are compared with the simulated ones. CSRR permittivity characteristics are explained to validate the results. The proposed antenna can be used for C-band, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and International Telecommunications Union (ITU) applications.

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